![]() Emperor Menelik undertook the task of reuniting these fragmented territories through both coercion and peaceful means. Before this expansion, Ethiopia was divided into semi-autonomous principalities due to the decline of the central government, and its subsequent failure to administer all of Ethiopia’s territory. What is important about focusing on Menelik’s territorial expansion for the Fascists is that it was through this process that the different peoples of southern Ethiopia incorporated into the centre. They claimed Menelik’s territorial expansion in the late nineteenth century was a process of establishing Amhara ethnic domination over other ethnic groups. The Italian colonisers introduced the discourse of Amhara colonialism into Ethiopian political vocabulary. ![]() The Fascists targeted the Amhara because the Ethiopian royal family was descended from this ethnic group. The Amhara were singled out as oppressors, while other ethnic groups were regarded as oppressed. In contrast to Ethiopians’ own notion of mystical unity under the crown of the Emperor, this colonial narrative divided the Ethiopian people into two groups: oppressor and oppressed. The Italians claimed that the state was a mere collection of discrete ethnic groups dominated by Amhara colonial rule. Knowing that Ethiopian unity defeated them at Adwa, they deconstructed Ethiopian nationhood. Fascists foment ethnic discord to undermine collective resistance. I’m looking forward to using these websites for reminders, advice and encouragement.After being decisively defeated by Emperor Menelik II’s army at Adwa in 1896, the Italians returned to Ethiopia in October 1935 under Benito Mussolini’s leadership. Now that we’re a week past the Spring Equinox, indoor planting is underway with tomatoes, onions, peppers, eggplant, broccoli, cauliflower and lettuce for my kitchen garden growing under lights and in flats in the greenhouse, but as soon as the soil dries out a bit, outdoor planting can begin. They also offer a Garden Planner that I haven’t explored but that one day could replace all the sheets of paper I shuffle around each year. The format is more table-like than the narrative format that West Coast Seeds uses but equally useful. Their Growing Guides link to a planting calendar and to extensive planting, growing and harvesting information for each vegetable. Territorial Seed Company has a similarly useful website. You can access West Coast Seeds’ growing information for all vegetables, not just those to start in March, from this link: And this additional link takes you to their very useful planting charts. I’m a long-time kitchen gardener, but I learned something new or was reminded of something I’d forgotten from each article I explored. Both lists are useful, but the even better part is that clicking on any flower, herb or vegetable on the lists takes you to a page of information with everything you need to know about planting, growing, harvesting, diseases and pests. What followed were two lists of flowers, herbs and vegetables, one for seeds to start inside and the next for seeds to start outside. ![]() Other seeds actually benefit from cool weather and the risk of frost, and they are shown below for direct sowing in March.Ĭlick on the links below for full planting instructions. Seeds started in March will be ready for transplanting into the garden by the time the nighttime temperatures have warmed up in May. I was prompted to explore West Coast Seeds website by emails from the company that showed up in my box with titles like “Seeds to Sow in February” and “Seeds to Sow in March.” Clicking on March, I opened a site with this introduction:īelow is a list of seeds to start in March. The websites of two of the bigger pacific northwest seed companies, Territorial Seeds and West Coast Seeds, contain the advice from their seed packets and catalogs, but they contain a great deal more advice because there is so much more space. Recently, though, I’ve found another source of advice that is even more useful: seed company websites. The advice is always useful, and I still double-check these sources to be sure I haven’t forgotten some particular detail. When to plant, how deep, how far apart, how long to germination and to harvest. Over the years, seed catalogs and seed packets have been my quick go-to sources for planting advice.
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